Over-the-air programming (OTA) refers to various methods of distributing new
software updates, configuration settings, and even
updating encryption keys to devices like
cellphones,
set-top boxes or
secure voice communication equipment (encrypted 2-way radios). One important feature of OTA is that one central location can send an Update to all the Users; who are unable to refuse, defeat, or alter that Update, and it applies immediately to everyone on the Channel. A User could "refuse" OTA but the "Channel Manager" could also kick them off the Channel (automatically).
In the context of the
mobile content world these include
over-the-air service provisioning (OTASP),
over-the-air provisioning (OTAP) or
over-the-air parameter administration (OTAPA), or provisioning handsets with the necessary settings with which to access services such as
WAP or
MMS. On modern
mobile devices such as
smartphones, an
over-the-air update may refer simply to a software update that is distributed over
Wi-Fi or
mobile broadband using a function built into the operating system, with the "over-the-air" aspect referring to its use of wireless internet instead of requiring the user to connect the device to a computer via
USB to perform the update.
As mobile phones accumulate new applications and become more advanced, OTA configuration has become increasingly important as new updates and services come on stream. OTA via SMS optimises the configuration data updates in SIM cards and handsets and enables the distribution of new software updates to mobile phones or provisioning handsets with the necessary settings with which to access services such as WAP or MMS. OTA messaging provides remote control of mobile phones for service and subscription activation, personalization and programming of a new service for mobile operators and telco third parties.
[1]
Various standardization bodies were established to help develop, oversee, and manage OTA. One of them is the
Open Mobile Alliance(OMA).
More recently, with the new concepts of
Wireless Sensor Networks and the
Internet of Things, where the networks consist of hundreds or thousands of nodes, OTA is taken to a new direction: for the first time OTA is applied using unlicensed frequency bands (2.4 GHz, 868 MHz, 900 MHz) and with low consumption and low data rate transmission using protocols such as
802.15.4 and
ZigBee.
[2]
Motes are often located in places that are either remote or difficult to access. As an example,
Libelium has implemented a smart and easy-to-use OTA programming system for
ZigBee WSN devices. This system enables firmware upgrades without the need of physical access, saving time and money if the nodes must be re-programmed.
[3]
Mechanism
The OTA mechanism requires the existing software and hardware of the target device to support the feature, namely the receipt and installation of new software received via the
wireless network from the provider.
New software is transferred to the phone, installed, and put into use. It is often necessary to turn the phone off and back on for the new programming to take effect, though many phones will automatically perform this action.
Methods
Depending on implementation, OTA software delivery can be initiated upon action, such as a call to the provider's customer support system or other dialable service, or can be performed automatically. Typically it is done via the former method to avoid service disruption at an inconvenient time, but this requires subscribers to manually call the provider. Often, a carrier will send a broadcast
SMS text message to all subscribers (or those using a particular model of phone) asking them to dial a service number to receive a software update.
Verizon Wireless in the
U.S. provides a number of OTA functions to its subscribers via the *228 service code. Option 1 updates phone configuration, option 2 updates the
PRL. Similarly Voitel Wireless that uses Verizon network uses *22890 service code to program Verizon based Voitel wireless phones. Interop Technologies provides a number of nationwide wireless operators in the US with an SS7 Based Over-the-Air device management solution.
[4] This solution allows operators to manage wireless device functionality including renumbering handsets, updating phone settings, applications and subscriber data and adjusting
PRL to manage cost structures.
To provision parameters in a mobile device OTA, the device needs to have a provisioning client capable of receiving, processing and setting the parameters. For example, a Device Management client in a device may be capable of receiving and provisioning applications, or connectivity parameters.
In general, the term OTA implies the use of wireless mechanisms to send provisioning data or update packages for firmware or software updates to a mobile device — this is so that the user does not have to go to a store or a service center to have applications provisioned, parameters changed or firmware or software updated. Non-OTA options for a user are a) to go to a store and seek help b) use a PC and a cable to connect to the device and change settings on a device, add software to device, etc.
Other Verizon methods
*228 option 1
-Programs the MDN, MIN and Home SID into the phone, downloads the latest PRL, and sets the lock code to the last 4 digits of the MDN.
*228 option 2,
-Only downloads the current PRL.
*22890,
-Automatically performs option 1 without having to press 1.
*22891
-Automatically performs option 2 without having to press 2.
*22899
-Automatically performs option 1, plus applies changes specific to data cards. Note: Do not perform *22899 on any device that is not a data card.
*22888
-Unassisted OTA for Prepaid phones
OTA standards
There are a number of standards that describe OTA functions. One of the first was the
GSM 03.48 series. The ZigBee suite of standards includes the ZigBee Over-the-Air Upgrading Cluster which is part of the ZigBee Smart Energy Profile and provides an interoperable (vendor-independent) way of updating device firmware.
Similarities
OTA is similar to firmware distribution methods used by other mass-produced
consumer electronics, such as
cable modems, which use
TFTP as a way to remotely receive new programming, thus reducing the amount of time spent by both the owner and the user of the device on maintenance.
Over-the-air provisioning (OTAP) is also available in wireless environments (though it is disabled by default for security reasons). It allows an access point(AP) to discover the IP address of its controller. When enabled, the controller tells the other APs to include additional information in the Radio Resource Management Packets (RRM) that would assist a new access point in learning of the controller. It is sent in plain text however which would make it vulnerable to sniffing and why it is disabled by default.
References
